Between justice and beauty

by Howard Gillette

As the only American city under direct congressional control, Washington has served historically as a testing ground for federal policy initiatives and social experiments - with decidedly mixed results. Well-intentioned efforts to introduce measures of social justice for the district's largely black population have failed. Yet federal plans and federal money have successfully created a monumental federal presence - a triumph, argues Howard Gillette, of beauty over justice. Beginning his account in 1790, Gillette traces the ambiguous legacy of congressional involvement in Washington's urban development. He describes how, even before the Civil War, initiatives that began as economic development became entangled with issues of race. He explains how this city, belonging to the nation, has reflected the nation's concerns first with white rule and later, clumsily and haltingly, with equal opportunity. Yet despite ambitious planning and generous spending, Gillette contends, federal participat